Mary, Queen of Scots: Fact and Fiction
Bothwell Meeting the Queen (James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell; Mary, Queen of Scots)
by Robert Hartley Cromek, after Thomas Stothard
published 1798
NPG D10550
Past display archive
24 August 2002 - 5 May 2003
Room 16
Free
Over the centuries since her execution for treason in 1587, the character and appearance of Mary, Queen of Scots have been the subjects of continuing fascination. Drawing on works from the the Gallery's reference collection, this display looks at the ways in which she has been depicted, particularly in prints, from her own time to some of the nineteenth century.
Sections
Sections
The True Likeness
In spite of the fascination with which she was regarded both during her own lifetime and subsequently, there are relatively few authentic portraits of Mary, Queen of Scots by comparison with her cousin and contemporary, Elizabeth I of England. While in France as a child and young woman Mary was drawn several times by the court artist Francois Clouet, but from the turbulent period of her life in Scotland there remain only images on coins and possibly one miniature. During the long period of her exile and captivity in England, from 1568 until her execution in 1587, she sat for other portrait miniatures, including one by Nicholas Hilliard, the famous English miniaturist. This exists today in two versions, in the Victoria and Albert Museum, and in the Royal Collection (see illustration). With the death of Elizabeth I, and the succession of Mary's son James VI of Scotland to the English throne as James I, came the opportunity - indeed the need - to rehabilitate Mary's reputation. Hilliard's miniature formed the basis for many portraits of her produced at this time. Another use to which Hilliard's miniature and the French drawings were put, from the time
of Mary's execution onwards, was in the production of posthumous imagery promoting her as a Catholic martyr.
The Search for Authenticity
Although Mary remained a focus of some interest in the century after her death, the popular fascination with her greatly increased in the eighteenth century, stimulated particularly by the growth antiquarianism. Over the course of the century a number of standard histories were published that became immensely popular. At the same time the print trade was expanding rapidly, and the collecting of portrait prints of historical figures was greatly encouraged by the publication of James Granger's Biographical History of England (1769). Granger's book combined brief biographies of historical figures with comprehensive lists of engraved likenesses. From 1717, the newly re-established Society of Antiquaries employed the antiquarian and artist George Vertue to engrave and publish authentic historical portraits, and Vertue also engraved portraits as illustrations for several histories. Other printmakers and antiquarians followed suit, making genuine attempts to track down true likenesses of historical figures, including Mary, Queen of Scots, whose reputed beauty and dramatic life story made her particularly appealing in this context. However, misdating of historical costume and painters' styles, and sometimes deliberate deception, led to the incorrect identification of many portraits.
The Drama of History
The great popularity of history and of history books in the eighteenth century stimulated not just the antiquarian search for authentic portraits but also a great increase in narrative history painting. Mary, Queen of Scots was an obvious subject, her life providing so many incidents of either high drama, emotion, or both. Gavin Hamilton's painting Mary, Queen of Scots resigning the throne, commissioned in 1765 by James Boswell and finally exhibited in 1776, was the first of many such paintings. Although Hamilton, unlike many of his eighteenth-century successors, was interested in finding authentic images of Mary as inspiration for his depiction of her, he was wary of the constraints such portraits might put on him. He is recorded as saying, 'beauty in distress is what I mean to represent and Mary's features I hope will not interfere with the representation'. Late in the century and early in the nineteenth century the most important patron of history painters was Robert Bowyer (1758-1834). He commissioned for his Historic Gallery over a hundred paintings of scenes from British history, which he had engraved as illustrations to an edition of David Hume's The History of England. In the nineteenth century the novels of Walter Scott were a particular influence on history painters, and there was a tendency towards greater historical accuracy, as well as more intimate, domestic scenes.
1542
8 December: Birth of a daughter, Mary, to James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise
14 December: Death of James V and accession of Mary to the throne
1548
29 July: Mary leaves Dumbarton for France, arriving 15 August
1558
24 April: Mary marries François, Dauphin of France
1559
10 July: Henri II of France dies; the Dauphin becomes François II of France and Mary becomes Queen of France
1560
11 June: Mary of Guise, Regent of Scotland dies
5 December: François II dies
1561
15 August: Mary leaves France for Scotland, arriving at Leith 19 August
1565
29 July: Mary marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley as her second husband
1566
9 March: Murder of Mary's secretary David Riccio at Holyroodhouse
19 June: Mary's son James born at Edinburgh Castle
1567
10 February: Darnley murdered at Kirk O'Field
15 May: Mary marries James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell as her third husband
17 June: Mary imprisoned in Lochleven Castle, following her surrender to confederate lords at Carberry Hill
24 July: Mary forced to abdicate the throne in favour of her son James (James VI of Scotland); James Stuart, Earl of Moray is later proclaimed Regent
1568
2 May: Mary escapes from Lochleven Castle
16 May: Mary flees into England to seek protection from Elizabeth I, following the defeat of her forces at Langside by Moray's troops
18 May: Mary taken into protective custody in Carlisle. She is later accused of involvement in Darnley's murder and imprisoned in various English castles for eighteen years
1586
15 October: After increasing concern that Mary is a focus for Catholic rebellion in England, a trial is held at Fotheringhay Castle
1587
8 February: Mary executed at Fotheringhay Castle
1603
23 March: Elizabeth I dies and James VI of Scotland succeeds to the English throne as James I
Related portraits
- Mary, Queen of Scots (NPG 429)
- Mary, Queen of Scots (NPG 307)
- Mary, Queen of Scots (NPG D13138)
- Mary, Queen of Scots (NPG D13178)
- Mary, Queen of Scots (NPG D13129)
- Unknown sitter, called Mary, Queen of Scots (NPG D13130)
- Unknown sitter, formerly known as Mary, Queen of Scots (NPG D10546)
- Unknown woman formerly known as Mary, Queen of Scots (NPG D13127)
- Mary, Queen of Scots (NPG D13124)
- Unknown child called King James I of England and VI of Scotland and an unknown woman called Mary, Queen of Scots (NPG D13126)
- Mary Queen of Scotts Under Confinement (called Mary, Queen of Scots) (NPG D13125)
- Q. Mary's Escape from Lochleven Castle (Mary, Queen of Scots) (NPG D13128)
- Bothwell Meeting the Queen (James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell; Mary, Queen of Scots) (NPG D10550)
- 'The Death of Rizzio' (David Riccio (Rizzio); Mary, Queen of Scots) (NPG D13131)
- 'Landing of Mary, Queen of Scots' (NPG D13132)
- Mary, Queen of Scots (NPG D13137)
- Mary, Queen of Scots (NPG D13123)
- Mary, Queen of Scots being led to execution (NPG D13135)
Related sitters
Related artists
- Francesco Bartolozzi
- Domenico Brucciani
- François Clouet
- Robert Hartley Cromek
- Cornelius and William Cure
- John Dadley
- Elkington & Co
- Renold or Reginold Elstrack (Elstracke)
- Robert Fulton
- Nicholas Hilliard
- Jacobus Houbraken
- Franz Huys
- Thomas Kelly
- Thomas de Leu
- Miers
- Isaac Oliver
- Adolphe Pierre Riffaut
- P. Rothwell
- William Sharp
- John Simon
- Robert Smirke
- Thomas Stothard
- William Luson Thomas
- Unknown artist
- Scipione Vannutelli
- George Vertue
- Claude Vignon
- William Ward