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Few of Gillray's satires aim their barbs directly at religion, but many include it as an element. The introduction of the Pope to the convocation at Oxford, by the Cardinal Broad-Bottom (D12933) reflects concern over the Marquess of Buckingham’s Catholic sympathies when he was installed as Chancellor of the University of Oxford. As well as suggesting Buckinghams perceived intentions, Gillray cannot resist poking fun at the figures of the notoriously plump Marquess and his family, the shapes of whose bodies he reveals through their clothes. In this print, Gillray hides Napoleon under the Pope's cloak, but this close association does not reflect reality: in fact the Pope had excommunicated Napoleon.

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William Markham ('The church militant'), by James Gillray, published by  William Humphrey - NPG D12279

William Markham ('The church militant')

by James Gillray, published by William Humphrey
hand-coloured etching, published 5 September 1779
NPG D12279

Albinia, Countess of Buckinghamshire ('At church'), by James Gillray, published by  Hannah Humphrey - NPG D12961

Albinia, Countess of Buckinghamshire ('At church')

by James Gillray, published by Hannah Humphrey
hand-coloured etching, published 4 October 1791
NPG D12961

Louis XVI, King of France ('The zenith of French glory; - the pinnacle of liberty'), by James Gillray, published by  Hannah Humphrey - NPG D13014

Louis XVI, King of France ('The zenith of French glory; - the pinnacle of liberty')

by James Gillray, published by Hannah Humphrey
hand-coloured etching, published 12 February 1793
NPG D13014

'Presentation of the Mahometan credentials - or - the final resource of French atheists', by James Gillray, published by  Hannah Humphrey - NPG D13018

'Presentation of the Mahometan credentials - or - the final resource of French atheists'

by James Gillray, published by Hannah Humphrey
hand-coloured etching, published 26 December 1793
NPG D13018

'Pulpit eloquence', by James Gillray, published by  Hannah Humphrey - NPG D12508

'Pulpit eloquence'

by James Gillray, published by Hannah Humphrey
hand-coloured etching, published 6 January 1795
NPG D12508

'The introduction of the Pope to the convocation at Oxford, by the Cardinal Broad-Bottom', by James Gillray, published by  Hannah Humphrey - NPG D12933

'The introduction of the Pope to the convocation at Oxford, by the Cardinal Broad-Bottom'

by James Gillray, published by Hannah Humphrey
hand-coloured etching, published 1 December 1809
NPG D12933

'Tentanda via est qua me quoque possim tollere humo', by James Gillray, published by  Hannah Humphrey - NPG D13118

'Tentanda via est qua me quoque possim tollere humo'

by James Gillray, published by Hannah Humphrey
hand-coloured etching, engraving and aquatint, published 8 August 1810
NPG D13118