The Phoenix and the Pelican: two portraits of Elizabeth I, c.1575

These two portraits of Elizabeth I (1533-1603), recently examined for Making Art in Tudor Britain were painted when the queen was in her early forties, almost half way through her reign. They show the queen wearing remarkable pendants at her breast: one depicting a phoenix and the other a pelican (see details shown below).

The ‘Pelican’ portrait, Queen Elizabeth I
associated to Nicholas Hilliard,
Oil on panel
© Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool

The ‘Phoenix’ portrait, Queen Elizabeth I
associated to Nicholas Hilliard
Oil on panel
NPG 190

Both emblems were regularly employed by the queen. The face pattern used for these portraits is similar to a miniature of the queen by Nicholas Hilliard (1547-1619) (see image below).

These portraits were brought together as part of the National Portrait Gallery’s Making Art in Tudor Britain research project. From 13-19 September, they were displayed together for the first time for nearly thirty years at the National Portrait Gallery. The ‘Pelican’ portrait has now returned to the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool and the ‘Phoenix’ to Tate Britain where it is on long-term loan from the National Portrait Gallery collection.

Technical findings

Scientific analysis undertaken in the last few weeks has revealed that the two portraits were painted within the same workshop. Tree-ring dating has shown that the wooden panels on which they were painted derive from wood from the same two oak trees. A tracing of the face pattern of the ‘Phoenix’ portrait matches the ‘Pelican’ portrait exactly (in reverse) so the artist has used the same original drawing in each picture. The portraits were probably painted at the same time, however the eyes, nose and mouth of the ‘Phoenix’ portrait were originally painted in a slightly lower position. This might indicate that the artist began with this picture and adapted the pattern during the painting process (see infra-red image below).

Infra-red close-up showing two eyes, one painted slightly lower than the other

Infra-red reflectograms showing the change to the position of the eyes on the ‘Phoenix’ portrait (Image: Tager Stonor Richardson)

The painter

It is likely that these portraits were painted either by or under the direction of Nicholas Hilliard. We know that Hilliard, who became the queen’s painter in 1570, painted large works in oil as well as the miniatures for which he is better known. There are stylistic similarities between these portraits and the miniatures by Hilliard, particularly the diagrammatic linear style and close attention to detail.

1 the hair on Hilliard's miniature of Elizabeth I

The ‘Phoenix’ portrait

NPG 190 On loan to Tate since 1965

By the time this portrait was painted, the image of the Virgin Queen had developed and much of the symbolism in her portraits alluded to her unmarried status. The jewel at her breast in this portrait is a phoenix, a mythical bird symbolizing rebirth and chastity. It became associated with the queen in the 1570s as an emblem of virginity, uniqueness and as reassurance that she would be able to regenerate the dynasty. Elizabeth is shown holding a red rose, a symbol of the House of Tudor and she wears a heavy jewelled collar of a type worn by her father, King Henry VIII.

The changes to the eyes, mouth and nose evident beneath the paint surface may indicate that the artist began this portrait first.

The ‘Phoenix’ portrait of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1601)
associated to Nicholas Hilliard (1547-1619)
Oil on panel, c.1575

The ‘Pelican’ portrait

The ‘Pelican’ portrait of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1601)
associated to Nicholas Hilliard (1547-1619)
Oil on panel, c.1575
© Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool

Lent by National Museums Liverpool, Walker Art Gallery
Presented by E. Peter Jones, 1945

The queen's appearance at this time was increasingly magnificent and these portraits depict her wearing particularly elaborate clothes and jewellery. She is shown here wearing a highly decorated armlet above her elbow and has many jewels all over her red velvet gown and headdress. The pelican jewel at her breast represents self-sacrifice, as a pelican was said to draw blood from its own breast to feed its young. It alludes to Elizabeth's role as mother to the nation. The two cherries tucked into her right ear probably refer to her virginity (her 'cherry' remains intact). She is shown standing under a fringed canopy, suggesting that she is enthroned.

The recent analysis has found that the current blue background is an under layer and that the painting would originally have had a dark reddish purple background.

Elizabeth I miniature

NPG 108 (see image above)

One of Hilliard's earliest known miniatures of Elizabeth, this represents a prototype of an idealised portrait of a reigning queen. It may be the one he describes painting in his treatise, The Art of Limning, for which she sat in 'the open alley of a goodly garden'. According to Hilliard, Elizabeth preferred to be painted without shadow so she chose to be painted outdoors to help create such an effect.

The two reproductions below show enlarged details of the face and costume providing a sense of Hilliard's intricate technique.